Current Situation and Strategies for the Development of Local Administration in the Palestinian Territories PDF |
| Sana' Qasem Mohammad Haseeba |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ali Abdel Hamid - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 154 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This thesis have attempted to examine the Palestinian local administration through reviewing its stages of development, analyzing and evaluating the current situation following the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority The major aim of the study is to evaluate the current situation of the Palestinian local administration under the present circumstances; and to determine the obstacles and difficulties facing it in order to put programs and proposals for a future strategy, which will improve the performance of the local authorities and enhance their role and contributions in the process of development and the establishment of the future Palestinian State. To achieve this aim, the concepts and models related to management systems and local administration was studied. Also, the performance of previous local administration in Palestine was reviewed. The study has adopted a historical descriptive approach in addition to applying the analytical approach to analyze and evaluate the existing situation in Palestine depending upon information and data available through various resources, in addition to the results of the questionnaire distributed to a number of local authorities and related persons in north West Bank. The study's results have pointed out the existence of centralization within the local Palestinian administration system as well as availability of the multi-administrative levels, in addition to the large number of local authorities (particularly newly established municipalities). Also, it revealed the disability of those authorities to perform tasks and duties and meet the needs of citizens. In addition, the study has shown the irrelevance of the local authorities' law to the current situation, and the absence of the vital flexibility to confront challenges and accommodate developments. The study has concluded by pointing out a number of recommendations. The most important recommendation is to reconsider the role and performance of the Ministry of Local Government; so that it becomes only supervising and monitoring role. Also, it recommended the attempt to improve the administrative role of local authorities, and to reduce the administrative hierarchy. Moreover, the study emphasized the enhancement of the governor's role; and the merging (either wholly or partially) of municipalities. In addition, it recommended offering local authorities financial independence; developing the taxation and accountability systems, as well as reinforcing the decentralized administration policy in their relation with the Ministry of Local Government. Finally, the study has recommended the importance of revising a new law for the local authorities containing appropriate legal and legislative texts taking into consideration the participation of all related parties in laying out the proposed strategies, and considering the psychological, behavioral and environmental factors related to the Palestinian people. |
Thursday, February 4, 2010
Current Situation and Strategies for the Development of Local Administration in the Palestinian Territories
Assessment of the Actual Treatment Abroad Department at Palestinian Ministry of Health (MOH)
Assessment of the Actual Treatment Abroad Department at Palestinian Ministry of Health (MOH) PDF |
| Kharouf, Marwa Abd Al-Raziq Saleh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Suleiman Al-Khalil; Qasem Al-Ma'ani - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Based on the policy of "Health for all in the twenty-first century adopted by the world community in may 1998, to realize the vision of the World Health Assembly at the Alma-Ata conference in 1978, World Health Organization (WHO) had develop the World Health Survey (WHS) as a mean of providing low-cost, valid, reliable and comparable information. (WHS) served as an evidence base to monitor the efficiency of different health systems in meeting the desired goals. Thus providing policy makers with the evidence they might need to adjust their policies, strategies, and programs as necessary. This study aims to assess the performance of treatment abroad department in the Ministry of Health (MOH), to rationalize spending cost and to find options to decrease this cost by providing alternatives for replacing treatment abroad by treatment in Palestinian health care facilities to demonstrate the importance of having centers of excellence and comprehensive health care services in Palestine. The study was conducted during the period of January-May, 2006. To achieve our goal and objectives, data was collected through structured interviews utilizing a questionnaire for five key informants, one for decision maker of MOH, another for chair person of treatment abroad department, physicians and policy makers in public sector (governmental), physicians and administrative persons in private sector, NGOS and UNRWA, and the last one for patients who receive treatment abroad inside Palestine (in private sector, NGOS, UNRWA hospitals), and outside Palestine (in Jordan and Israel). The sample of the study was (191) patients, (92) collected from Jordan hospitals, (99) patients from west bank, (40) employees from private and public sector, one for decision maker and one for chair person of treatment abroad department. Quantitative collected data was analyzed using SPSS while other qualitative data was analyzed manually. Several hypotheses were formulated and tested, the results of the current study showed the highest percent of reason for referral abroad have been tumor disease with 33%, then cardiac disease with 17%, organs transplantation with 5.8%and 1.6%invitro fertilization. In relation to reason of referral cases abroad, the highest cause that the treatment not available in Palestine with percent 43.6%, second because services were not of good quality26.7%, the third reason there was a long waiting list for intervention 14.1%, 4.7%no trust for medical team in Palestine. From analysis of patient questionnaire there was relationship between disadvantages of referral abroad and suggestions to avoid referral treatment abroad, ministry of health should provide an inclusive medical health system. The result also showed that questionnaire for other key informant illustrate the importance and need of integration between all health care providers sectors in Palestine and encourage treatment abroad inside Palestine rather than outside Palestine. |
Impacts of Solid Waste Leachate on Soil and its
Impacts of Solid Waste Leachate on Soil and its PDF |
| Ramia Bassam Rida Tuffaha |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Professor Marwan Haddad - أ.د مروان حداد |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1. Professor Marwan Haddad (Supervisor) 2. Dr. Nidal Zatar (Internal Examiner) 3. Dr. Anaan Jayyosi (Internal Examiner) 4. Dr. Amal Hudhud (External Examiner) |
| 116 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Palestine is not like other countries; it has its special situation because of the Israeli occupation. The closure and segregation of the main roads of the Palestinian, leading to complicate the solid waste management problem and resulted in the usage of alternative uncontrolled dumping sites which may be polluted the soil and the ground water. The vulnerability map of West Bank notice thatmany Palestinian cities especially Nablus city have high vulnerability. Neither short nor long term effect of MSW on soil and ground water in Palestine were not adequately evaluated and there is need to explore these effects and impacts. So the aims for this study are: evaluate the temporal and spatial variations of MSW leachate in landfills, evaluate the impacts of MSW leachate on soil, and may be simulate the impacts of MSW leachate on ground water. These aims achieved by establishing a model similar the real dump site, which consists of: § Leachate extraction columns § Leachate application to soil columns Laboratory analyses: § Leachate: the samples were analyzed for MSW leachate parameter which are: pH, EC, TSS, TDS, BOD5, Ca, Mg, Na, K, CO3, HCO3, alkalinity, hardness, Sulfate, Phosphate, Nitrate, Cl, and Iron. § Soil: the soil properties which we tested were classified under two different categories; physical and chemical properties. · Physical analyses are: pH, EC, sieve analysis, hydrometer test. · Chemical analyses are: Nutrition that consists of K, Nitrite, and Phosphorus. Salt source that consists of Na, Ca, Mg, Cl. The results of this study demonstrated that · TSS and TDS of MSW leachate were increased with MSW depth and decreasing with increasing water addition. · SAR values of the soil impacted by MSW leachate and in all columns tested increased slightly with depth but remained within the excellent range of soils suitable for agricultural development. · Removal of pollutants from MSW leachate by passage through a soil. · Statistical analysis of quality data collected showed that responsive functions of elements under consideration using multiple liner regression were possible and adequately acceptable and can be used to predict those elements as a function of MSW elevation and extent of precipitation. |
Improving Health Services for Diabetic Pregnant Women who are Attending Governmental Clinics in Nablus and Jenin Districts
Improving Health Services for Diabetic Pregnant Women who are Attending Governmental Clinics in Nablus and Jenin Districts PDF |
| Al-Bezrah, Lana Ameen Saleem |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Suleiman Khalil; Intisar Al- Alem - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Diabetes is often detected in women during their childbearing years and can affect the health of both the mother and her baby. Poor control of diabetes in a pregnant woman increases the chances for birth defects and other problems for the baby. It might also cause serious complications for the woman. Proper health care, before and during pregnancy, will help prevent birth defects and other poor outcomes, such as miscarriage and stillbirth. The risk factors, associated with diabetes during the childbearing age among women in Nablus and Jenin district, were studied in addition to the complications facing both the woman and her baby. The researcher also assessed women's knowledge about diabetes. A random sample of 200 diabetic pregnant women was chosen, of these, 117 of women, included in the sample had developed gestational diabetes, another 38 had pre-gestational diabetes (Type 1) and another 45 had pre-gestational diabetes (Type 2). Data were collected for the purpose of filling the questionnaires using the files available at the health clinics. Data included personal information, obstetric history information and medical information. All data of the questionnaire for 200 subjects were entered into the computer and computed using SPSS program. After data collection and analysis, it was found that, according to BMI: 15.8% of women who had pre-gestational diabetes (Type 1) were over weight, and 15.8% were obese .The results according to age of onset were : about 10.5% of them (the age of onset) were between 5-15, 63.2% of them (the age of onset) were between 15.1-25, 21.1% of them (the age of onset) were between 25.1-35 and 5.3% of them (the age of onset) was more than 35. Pertaining to family history of diabetes, 71.1% of them had first degree relatives. In contrast, according to BMI, of all women who had pre gestational diabetes (Type2), 40% of them were over weight, 42.2% were obese and 6.7% had morbid obesity. According to age of onset, 8.9% of them (the age of onset) were between 15.1-25, 66.7% of them (the age of onset) were between 25.1-35 and 24.4% of them (the age of onset) were more than 35 years old. Pertaining to family history of diabetes, 88.9% of them had first degree relatives. Also, it was found that 27.4% of women who had gestational diabetes were over weight, 39.3% were obese and 7.7% had morbid obesity. According to age of onset, 15.4% of them (the age of onset) were between 15.1-25, 41.0% of them (the age of onset) were between 25.1-35, and 43.6% of them (the age of onset) were more than 35 years old. Concerning family history of diabetes, 76.1% of them had first degree relatives. |
Compliance of Access Management Techniques on Urban Arterials in Nablus City
Compliance of Access Management Techniques on Urban Arterials in Nablus City PDF |
| Yazan Farid Abdulhadi Issa |
|
|
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Khaled Al-Sahili - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1. Dr. Khaled Al-Sahili (Supervisor) 2. Dr. Khaled Zeidan (External Examiner) 3.Dr. Osama Abaza (Enternal Examiner) |
| 110 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Compliance of Access Management Techniques on Urban Arterials in Nablus City By Yazan Farid Abdulhadi Issa Supervisor Dr. Khaled Al-Sahili Abstract Transportation services provided in Palestine are inadequate to satisfy both the current and increasing demand for transportation. Due to the increasing limitation of spaces and resources in most cities, there has been a growing trend in the management of the existing traffic system rather than building new facilities. Traffic management is a low cost improvement while constructing new facilities is capital-intensive and may be faced with the limitations of space and financial resources. The objective of this project is to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of some access management measures on two urban arterials in Nablus City. Proper evaluation was performed for Rafidia-Yaser Arafat Street and Faisal-Haifa Street |
Analysis and Short-Term Future Vision for the
Analysis and Short-Term Future Vision for the PDF |
| AHMADHASAN MOHAMAD ALMOSLEH |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. KHALED AL-SAHILI - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 348 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract There is a lack of urban and transportation planning in Jenin City. This study addresses the short-term planning for the transportation systems in Jenin City to reach at appropriate solutions for the transportation problems in the city. In addition, the study addresses other detailed objectives for the various transportation systems in the city. This study includes statistical data collection from its various sources and field surveys (traffic volume studies, parking studies, and inventory studies). The thesis includes a study of existing transportation systems (description and evaluation), traffic analysis of studied intersections (capacity, level of service, and signalization). The analysis includes existing and future conditions (after five years), which depend on projected number of vehicles based on natural population growth for Jenin City, as the number of vehicles during the last ten years was not regularly registered and licensed. The importance of this thesis is that there is a need for regularly conducting such studies every five years to update such plans taking into consideration several changes taking place in this city. Most of these changes come from political and economical reasons, in addition to the changing traffic conditions in the transportation network and the existing and proposed transportation systems resulted from the Jenin Master Plan. Based on the analysis, the study reached at several recommendations for the existing and proposed road network conditions, which form the transportation master plan for the city. The proposed changes include plans for the studied intersections and roadways, parking, public transportation, truck routes, pedestrian areas, and the institutional structure. The study concluded that only one intersection is warranted for signalization in the future, which is An-Naffa Intersection. |
Prospects of Democratic Transition in PalestinianPolitical System, Dilemmas of the Relations between the P.L.O and the P.N.A as a Major Factor
Prospects of Democratic Transition in PalestinianPolitical System, Dilemmas of the Relations between the P.L.O and the P.N.A as a Major Factor PDF |
| Hasan Saleh Ali Ayoub |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Nayif Abu Khalaf - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 371 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The study: "Prospects of Democratic Transition in Palestinian Political System, dilemmas of the relations between the P.L.O and the P.N.A as a major factor" is an effort to analyze and understand factors and interrelations of Palestinian political and nationalistic experience from the perspective of democratic transition. In this regard, the study goes for the evaluation of democratic aspects of PPS in the era prior to the endorsement of Oslo Accords, and the establishment of the PNA, in which the PLO was dominating the system. Then the study moves forward to explore prospects of democracy in the PPS under the PNA. The approach applied in the study based on the analysis of objective as well as subjective factors, whether internal or external, which contributed in shaping the structures and institutions of the PPS, and other factors which might play role in determining schemes of change in the system. To the extent related to the issue, the study tackles and overviews and analyzes literature and historical evidences, along with the data of the current situation (1993-2003), in order to diagnose correlations that have a potintial to provide an explanation of non democratic proxies of the PPS from the viewpoint of an understanding of the current situation of political life in Palestine in terms of conflict with a new-colonial occupying force to achieve the goals of self determination and the establishment of an independent Palestinian State in the POT since 1967. It means that the evaluation of democratic experience and possibilities of democratic transition should remain attached to the concept of "National democratic liberation struggle", a liberation struggle with democratic perspective. In the core, the study provides an elaboration of the emergence and development of the PPS, its dynamics, powers, effecting factors, and changes it witnessed in several historical junctions up to the dramatic changes in the aftermath of 1993. Through this elaboration, the study shades light on the shortcomings of the PPS and the causes that prevented it to make a notable advance towards the achievement of most of its goals and objectives. The study seeks answers to a number of questions, and to tackle hypothesis concerning the changes of socio-political structure of the Palestinian political field, particularly those affiliated to the dilemmas of the problematic relationship - between the PLO & the PNA, the study suggests that this relation is not a supporting factor in the democratic transition of the system. As for the fact that the PPS does not live and developed neither in a social or a socio-economic vacuum, nor a political one in terms of active internal actors of the system, and external effecting actors, the study sought to validate the assumption that structural changes took place in the Palestinian society have produced a political system with distinct characteristics which are not in favor of achieving democracy, not to mention national liberation. Those social and economic changes have affected the very nature of political actors (factions, organizations and parties) within the system, at the same time the socio-economic structure of Palestinian society was effected by means and approaches of the political system itself in ways that shaped a totalitarian model of domination. With an understanding of democracy, in the Palestinian context, as one means to achieve and build national sovereignty, the study focuses on the concepts of constructing national integration and solidarity, and political coherence, and the issues of re-building Palestinian society. In other words the concept of building the nation which is a core part of democracy in the situations of national liberation, and the study assumes, in this respect, that the achievement and the actualization of these concepts in political terms are faced by number of obstacles, among them the distortion of the PPS merges from structural shortcomings under the PNA. Those shortcomings are a result of objective factors related to the very foundation of the PNA as a deducted political entity, and the constrains implied on it due to the signed agreements with Israel that prevent the progressive developments of socio- economic, political, and legal frameworks, that serve the purpose of democratizing the system, on the one hand. On the other hand the consequences of choices made by the dominating elites in the system played a clear role in frustrating possibilities of democratization. The study provides a deep close insight of those assumptions through six chapters, starting with the theoretical discussion of concepts of democracy and civil society in the first chapter. The second chapter shades light on the concept of democratic transition and its approaches and theories. In the third chapter, there is a review of literature concerning the domain of the study is presented, and then it provides a theoretical and methodological framework to study the PPS. The fourth chapter deals with socio-economical, social and socio-political changes in Palestinian society, and their political implications on the system. In addition the chapter discusses the issue of civil society, and Palestinian political culture, and its role in democratic transition. The political structure of the PPS is the concern of the fifth chapter, including the current situation in terms of its characteristics, limitations, and components, in this context the study analyzes the situation of the political parties, and the changes which took place in it, and how these changes affected the possibilities of democratic transition of the PPS. The sixth chapter provides several levels of description and analyzes to the current situation of the PPS under the PNA, in terms of factors shaped the foundation and characteristics of the PNA, and factors that could determine the changes in the system. |
Contract Court: Theory and Practice
Contract Court: Theory and Practice PDF |
| Basem Mohammad Sarhan Ibraheem |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr Jamal Ahmad Zeid el-Keelani - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 208 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The research which is called “ Contract Court: Theory and Practice: consists of a prelude and four chapters showing the most significant features of council of purchase contract as an Islamic idea which obviously signifies the importance of Islam, its validity for all the times and how it accepts innovations and keeps up with modern developments. In the prelude the study defines contract and purchase contract and shows its provisions, context and means that achieves with a context. In the first chapter I made an evaluation over different definition and made a more conclusive one and then I detailed the basics and provisions of purchase contract and reciting referring to it from Quran and Sunnah in addition to its technical shortcoming and its rationale. In the second chapter I talked about the union of purchase contract in a sense of relation between acceptance and offer and its effect on purchase contract and the contracts unconditional to council union, and when the council unites, suspends and how the contract is made. In the Third chapter I discussed the Consequences of the theory of purchase contract, such as acceptance option, rejection option and the option of purchase contract, and the effect of all on the council of contract, then what may be dropped by the council of contract, and finally I mentioned some issues related to the council option in the fourth chapter I talked about the council of contract between two present situations in respect with its definition, alteration, features and the time of making the contract, then I explained the contract between two absent situations, its definition and some applications and the time of making the contract. Then I talked about the council of contract via direct modern multimedia such as telephone, radios and televisions and other indirect or recorded media, such as tapes, recorded ( registered ) messages, and other medias related to written texts, such as telegraph, telex and fax, media that transfer audio-video (internet) for the adaptation of the council of contract by using such means. Finally, I mentioned the main results that I have concluded and appended it by, references and resources and the English abstract.
|
Comparative Study between Islamic Laws and Civil Law.n
Effect of Final Date on the Regulations of Rent Contract A Comparative Study between Islamic Laws and Civil Law.n PDF |
| Mohammad Mahdi Wafiq Al-Sa'eh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Ahmad Zaid Al-Kilani - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 156 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Thank God Almighty and all blessings and Glory on our Prophet, may God bless him. Learners of Islamic jurisdiction and Civil one were interested on the Rent Contract, and they took it seriously to the degree they considered it as one of the named contracts. The most significant characteristics of this contract is timing, or the final date, as it is a vital factor that distinguishes the rent contract from the other contracts, and the full knowledge of its terms is an important conditions for its accuracy. Rent contract is one of the necessary contracts, as no partner can deny it alone by himself, and .it is denied by certain reasons as the absence of any gain from the contract or the mutual agreement. It is natural that the contract comes to its end by coming to the end of the scheduled date, but there are two cases where the rent contract remains valid, the first is the understood agreement between the two parties, the matter called by the learners as silent renewal of the contract, the second case comes without the acceptance of the parties, but it is renewed for necessity or through the law regulations. At the forward part of my study I dealt with defining the rent contract, its legality and types. In the first chapter I discussed the importance of timing at contracts, as rent contract, and the knowledge of the final date is a condition of the contracts validity, and that the ignorance of timing denies the contract. In the second chapter of the study the methods of ending the contract at the Islamic and Civil regulations. Then I compared the two laws. At the third chapter I discussed the Islamic and Civil law point of view about the automatic renewal of the contract, compared them, then discussed the same point of view of the Islamic and Civil laws about adding time for the contract period and compared them. Finally, I put forward the conclusions and the recommendations I achieved, asking God to help me. |
The Woman Political Work in Islamic Institute ‘Study with Comparison
The Woman Political Work in Islamic Institute ‘Study with Comparison’ PDF |
| Eman Ramzi Khamis Badran |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Mohamad Ali Al slabi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Through this extensive study about the political role of women in Islam we conclude the following: The view of Islam about the women is coming out from the Islamic to wards man in general, so there is no distinguish or difference between them. The Islamic law estated equality. There is no specialization because the law is in tegrated and comprehensive Through what I studied about the rules of the Islamic Political system and its view towards the women I came out with the following facts: 1- Man and Women are equal in the origin of their nature and religious duties except for some issues which we cant take for inference and deduction. 2- Policy is an essential portion of the Islamic law which contains all aspects of life and it is not true to say that there is no politics in Islam expect what is mentioned is clearly in the Islamic texts, we must say that there is no politics except what the Islamic low. 3- Most of the political fields except the post of caliphate (a ruler of the Muslim nation). All other aspects are obligatory on all Muslims who are capable of these tasks regard less the sex be it male or female. Its Just due to the individual obility. The abilities and qualifications are essential of Full filament of abilities and qualifications is essential for any public Job for a man or a women . The Islamic law Just consider the individual capabilities concerning the public job. 4- As far as Islamic jurisprudence is concerned I didn’t find any strong proof prevents women from holding sovereign power like judgment, (ifta and Hisba) positions. The evidences of those who prevent women from involving in the political field are weak and not evedent to that extent which prevents qualificated woman who are able to hold the responsibility from holding such sovereign powers just because they are women. Its not the Logic of jurisprudence and the Islamic low in dealing with difference sects of the society. 5- All political work fields are widely open legitimately for the qualified persons males or females. And now the question is which woman (female) and for which position? The state law determines this mater, for example The head of the stale decides the ministers males and females and the elections determine the members of the parliament men and woman, jurisprudence has nothing to do with this issues. Thus the legislative policy is which serves the welfare of the people. 6- (Qada and Ifta) are tow public jobs classified as public duties. The first requires Knowledge in Islamic law and ability of Ijtihad. without dispute among Muslim scholars while Qada is forcing people to practice religious duties and this difference has no effect on transitive (Qiyas), because Ifta is more significant, and more common Its in fact related to the vegulations of God (Allah) which are the way to salvation in this life and the here after, and not just a passing issue who's effect ends by the death of their people. In the Light of that its clearly illustrated that sharia'a does not prevent any sect of the society from their vight in building up the Muslim state, and involving in all the fields of life on the other hand sharia doesn’t state a certain percentage for women in the political activities. Its due to the public necessity of the state and the community in relation with the capablety of each person and not the compulsory amount. |
Abu- Dīb 's Translation of Orientalism
Abu- Dīb 's Translation of Orientalism: PDF |
| Nadia Ali Khalil Hamad |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Nabil A'lawi - د. عبد الكريم دراغمة |
| Discussion Commity |
| 200 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract
Despite the flourishing movement of translation in the Arab world throughout the 20th century, few studies, if any, were produced, as hoc, on criticism and evaluation of such translations. Among these translations, the translation of Edward W. Said's Orientalism deserves special attention: it was translated into 36 languages including Arabic. The Arabic translation by the famous poet, critic and translator, Kamal Abu-Dib, was reprinted many times after its first edition in 1981. yet, concern was shown regarding some problems in the translation of this excellent work by some readers and translators.
Drawing on the progress, achieved in the last few decades, in linguistics studies, especially in text-linguistics and related studies in translation, this study aims to ascertain salient problems in the Arabic translation of Orientalism, on the graphical, lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels, and to suggest solutions where possible.
The study will also investigate the consistency of the methodology adopted by the translator, evaluated the translation, and give recommendations that may benefit new Arabic editions of the book and Arabic translation, in general.
|
The Translatability of Cognitive Synonyms in Shakespeare's Macbeth: A Comparative/ Contrastive Study
The Translatability of Cognitive Synonyms in Shakespeare's Macbeth: A Comparative/ Contrastive Study PDF |
| Mahmoud Khaleel Mahmoud Ishrateh |
|
|
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Odeh Odeh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1. Dr. Odeh Odeh/ Supervisor 2. Dr. Basem Ra'ad/ External Examiner 3. Dr. Ruqqaya Herzallah/ Internal Examiner |
| 174 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The Translatability of Cognitive Synonyms in Shakespeare's Macbeth: A Comparative/ Contrastive Study By Mahmoud Khaleel Mahmoud Ishrateh Supervisor Dr. Odeh Odeh Abstract
This study investigates the notion of cognitive synonyms in literary works in English-Arabic translation. In order to highlight the problem under discussion, the study explores the translation of some cognitive lexical items in their original context of use. The researcher takes these cognitive synonyms from Shakespeare's Macbeth as a case study. This comparative/ contrastive study focuses on how cognitive synonyms are translated by four translators of Shakespeare's play: Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, Khalil Mutran, Farid Abu-Hadid and Hussein Ameen. The present study argues that cognitive synonyms are harder to translate than any other lexical items due to some subtle differences that exist between cognitive synonyms. Shakespeare sometimes associates fine-grained semantic connotations with words. Synonyms are used to convey certain implications. Differences in meaning or use among pairs of synonyms are claimed to be context-dependent. The context is the only criterion for selecting appropriate words. There are many occasions when one word is appropriate in a sentence, but its synonyms will be odd. < |
Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Contamination in the West Bank, Palestine
Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Contamination in the West Bank, Palestine PDF |
| Qamhieh, Ne'mat Sadeq Abdel Rahman |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Mohammad N. Almasri - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study assesses the groundwater pollution risk in the West Bank, Palestine. The combined use of DRASTIC model and geographic information system (GIS) was adopted for this purpose. Seven thematic maps of the DRASTIC model were developed in order to asses the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination and these include the depth to water table, recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone and hydraulic conductivity. The GIS technology was used to create an integrated vulnerability map of the West Bank to demarcate vulnerable zones. The result shows that 90% of the study area is at low risk of pollution while 10% is at moderate risk. This indicates that our groundwater resources are safe. The study demonstrated that GIS technology is an efficient environment for analyses and precise processing of spatial data. The thesis also included a comprehensive literature review regarding the different concepts and approaches for assessing groundwater vulnerability to contamination. |
The Adverbs in Al-A'sha Divan of Poems
The Adverbs in Al-A'sha Divan of Poems PDF |
| Basheer Radi Ahmad Rawajbeh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Dr. Ahmad Hasan Hamed - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 331 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract In the name of Almighty Allah the Beneficent the merciful in whom we seek help, and pray and peace be upon the most honorable missionary our master Muhammad and upon his dynasty and his friends, and then. In front of our eyes, a research entitled with "The Adverbs in Al-A'sha Divan of Poems" appears to us "and it is a research in which I made a study of the time and place adverbs mentioned in the divan as an applied study. "This research has been completed in three chapters, starting it with a preliminary in which I spoke about the poet "Maimon Ibn Qais" (Al-A'sha) and his name his kinship, nickname, his native place, his age, his poetry, projecting the importance and eloquence of this poetry and how feared on poet was because of it. In the first chapter, I made a general study for the time and place adverbs, collecting what the grammar books contained of rules concerned in the adverb. I started in its definition linguistically and idiomatically and halting in this at the names which attached it, and the kofian and busrian difference in this. Then I spoke abut its importance in the Arabic sentence confirming that it is not because of his favour as some grammarians considered him, but he plays an important role in the Arabic sentence. Then I spoke about the types and parts of the adverb through ambiguity, specification, structure construing inflection and non-inflection, declinable and indeclinable, ending the speech about the words substitute of the adverb. In the second chapter, I handled the time adverbs mentioned in the divan of poems (then, if never nearer, yesterday, after, while, periond, epoch, hour, month, morning, forenoon last year evening substitute, tomorrow, before, long age, when, at night since, daytime, time, day. I studied the rules in particular at the grammarians through their derivation, structure construing genitive and indication. Then I moved to the applied stage by numerating the numbers of the adverbs mentioned in the divan of peons and studying then through construing and genitive mentioning the manners that occurred in them and connecting this with the rules that the grammarians mentioned concerning these adverbs and showing the way of employing Al-A'sha to these adverbs. Then I spoke about substituting time adverb that was like the following manner "all middle bigger number six demonstrative noun "I followed up this by statistical tables illustrating in them the percentage of each adverb to the remainder of the time adverbs. Upon this image the third chapter in which I studded the place adverbs motioned in the divan of poems which are "under, in front of, where from, where between under, around, whereas, through behind, before, at above at with, with, place at the bock middle". I did studies of the rules characterized in them at the grammarians through derivation structure, construing, genitive, applying this on the adverbs mentioned in the divan of poems and the manner of employing Al-A'sha for these adverbs. I followed up this in statistical tables illustrating in them the percentage of each adverb comparative to the other place adverbs, then I ended my research with termination including the most important results which were reached to. I'm asking good for my research this to be a ripe fruit for the reader to enjoy and to make me and you of the science and knowledge fruit reapers and to make this process in the scale of advantages on the day when avery self finds what it and done of right, and what it had done of evil where it which's and proffers to be a great distance between them. |
Computer – Aided Design and Performance Evaluation of PV-Diesel Hybrid System
Computer – Aided Design and Performance Evaluation of PV-Diesel Hybrid System PDF |
| Omar, Mo'ien Ali Ahmad |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Marwan M. Mahmoud; Imad Ibrik - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The present work presents a methodology to design and analyze the performance of a PV-Diesel Hybrid Power Systems using computer aided design. Analysis carried out in terms of several designs and different economic parameters based on life cycle cost and cost annuity. It was found that for Palestine the PV-Diesel Hybrid Power Systems are economically more feasible than using diesel or PV- stand alone systems. Different scenarios were tested technically and economically until the most appropriate one was found. A respective computer program, which simulates the operation of hybrid system on an hourly basis, was developed and can be a helpful tool to design a PV– Diesel Hybrid Power Systems appropriate from techno-economical view points for rural areas in Palestine. |
Cooling of High Heat Flux Electronic Devices by Two Phase Thermosyphon System
Cooling of High Heat Flux Electronic Devices by Two Phase Thermosyphon System PDF |
| Aysar Mahmoud Masoud Yasin |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Abdelrahim Abusafa - |
| Discussion Commity |
| . Dr. Abdelrahim Abusafa supervisor Dr. Afif Hasan (External Examiner) Dr. Bashir Al Noory (Internal Examiner) |
| 116 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Two phase closed thermosyphon system for cooling high heat flux electronic devices is built in the laboratory and tested under different operating conditions. This Study presents an experimental investigation on the heat transfer coefficient, temperature difference between the evaporator and the refrigerant inside evaporator channels, overall heat transfer coefficient, and overall thermal resistance in two-phase thermosyphon system. Investigations are carried out at different conditions: different system pressures, two different types of refrigerants R134a and R22, two different evaporator designs, natural and forced convection heat transfer mode in the condenser. The heat flux and the amount of refrigerant are the manipulated parameters in the system. It is found that the heat transfer coefficient increases almost linearly with the applied heat to the evaporator, and reduced pressure. It is also highly dependant on the type of refrigerant, because the performance of the refrigerant R134a likely to be better than that of R22. The heat transfer coefficient is also higher at natural convection condensation than forced convection condensation at the same heat load, while the overall heat transfer coefficient in the system for forced convection is higher than for natural convection condensation. The heat transfer coefficient is highly dependant on the design of evaporator, especially on the diameters channels. The natural convection heat transfer coefficient is found to be 27 kW/m².˚C and 3.7 kW/m².˚C using R134a and R22, respectively at heat load of 115W. The forced convection heat transfer coefficient is found to be 2.4 kW/m².˚C and 1.6 kW/m².˚C, using R134a and R22, respectively at heat load of 450W. The forced convection overall heat transfer coefficient using R134a is found to be 9.4 kW/m².˚C at 415W while it is 1.08 kW/m².˚C at natural convection at 155W. The temperature difference [Tevaporator–Tsaturation] depends on both the applied heat flux to the evaporator, systems pressure and type of the refrigerant. The natural convection temperature difference does not exceed 1˚C and exceeded 8˚C for R134a and R22, respectively at heat load of 100W. The obtained evaporator temperature for R134a is 94˚C at 155W and 44˚C at 414W using natural and forced convection, respectively. While, the obtained evaporator temperature for R22 is about 80˚C at 115W and 40˚C at 450W for natural and forced convection, respectively. The overall thermal resistance decreases almost linearly with increasing the heat load regardless of the used refrigerant. Moreover, for forced convection, the thermal resistance is much lower than the other heat transfer processes. The overall natural convection thermal resistance is 0.47˚C/W at 155.6W and 0.53˚C/W at 115W while overall forced convection thermal resistance is 0.056˚C/W at 414W and 0.044˚C/W at 417W for R134a and R22 refrigerants, respectively. |
Detention in Palestinian Criminal Procedure
Detention in Palestinian Criminal Procedure PDF |
| Mohammad N. Weld Ali |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Na'el Tahoa - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 141 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study deals with the preventeve Detention (Detention) in the light of the Code of Palestinian Criminal Procedure and its modified articles including the articles of Remand procedure. The study discussed many subjects are contacted the main topic of this thesis. The study introduced the definition of Remand according the linguistic, scholarly, religiously and legally, despite of the differences between all of the scholarly definitions but they agreed that the main concept of Remand is: Arrest the accused person for a period of time until the end of investigation under the conditions and controls that established by the law. But because the law used the expressions of remand and arrests, the study used the Remand as the meaning of arresting the accused person for a period of time until the end of investigation under the conditions and controls that established by the law. It is preferable to use one and specific legal terminology to unify the legal procedures between Gaza Strip and West Bank. This study distinguished between the Remand and the similar procedures such as, the distinct between the administrative detention and Remand in related with the definition, authorized authority and the period. The study talked about the historical developments of the concept of Remand during the ancient Egyptian era, Roman era and Islamic law (Sharea’a) which was and still the most important legislative resource in Palestine. In addition to the international treaties and legitimacy. In the chapter tow, the study discussed the legal adaptation of Remand through discussion the principle of presumption of innocence which suppose the innocence of the person until proven otherwise, by final pronounced judgment that the person is guilty, then conciliation between all of this and Remand, and the distinct between the Remand and punishment. The study introduced the justification to arrests some person without final condemnation judgment, some of these justifications are: To calm the public opinion, preventing the accused fleeing, and the preservation of evidences which it might be destroyed or covered by the accused person if he/she stayed free. In addition to the preservation of the accused from the retaliation and to implement the punishment against the accused in case of guilty. In the second part the study discussed the objective conditions of arrest which are: the Crimes that allow executing the arrest against the accused according two categories, first one takes magnitude penalty if the Crime committed a felony or a misdemeanour punishable by more than six months, the criterion of residence which allows the arrest of the offender with unknown residence. The second condition, Presented by the need for a sufficient indications and reasonable reasons for the issuance of arrest warrant. Presented in the third requirement which is the arrest period it shown the standards that explained the length of stay (Remand or arrest) In terms of setting a maximum of arrest, it indicated how long can the jurisdiction Law enforcement and The Public Prosecutor arrest the accused person, The term can Magistrate issues an order as well as the Court of first instance. It presented at third subsection the Formal conditions to issue the decision of arrest and which authorised authority can issue the warrant of arrest and the necessity of question before the arrests, causing a decision of arrests and the implementation arrest warrant during a certain period, the evidences that contained in the arrest warrant which is The name and description or the position of the issuer of the arrest warrant, the endorsement on the decision by the formal stamp, The details of the accused, The charge that attributed against the accused, The specific article of the legal charge, the period of arrests, the accused address and the Commissioning of The superintendent of the prison to imprison the accused person. In the third chapter, it presented the end of the arrests or remand by the releasing as shown the definition of release and its considerations, the specialized authority, the types of release which contains, the mandatory release that enforced by law, The Jawazi release which issues by the public prosecutor or the court upon the self initiative or upon the accused request. It explained the Suspension release with guarantee, in addition to the definition of it and its conditions and how could be evaluated. At another subsection, it presented the effects of arrests which including the Counted of arrest period from the final judgement and the opinions of scholars about this. It discussed Re-arrest the accused again but it should be conditioned with causing decision and new situations. At third subsection, it talked about Control over the legality of the arrest decision that will be by the jurisdiction initiative or upon of the accused request. It presented how the detainee treatment should be and what the rights that should be given for the detainee according the international, Palestinian principles and laws. At the conclusion, it reached for general conclusions about all this research with some proposals to modify some formulation of some Palestinian articles in the Criminal Procedure law to afford more guaranties for the human beings and individual freedom. |
Confession in the Palestinian Criminal
Confession in the Palestinian Criminal PDF |
| Lu’ai Dawood Mohammed Dweikat |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Nael Taha - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 137 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study deals with the subject of confession from the side of the accused person being considered as a proof of prosecution according to the Palestinian Criminal Procedural Law and the Comparative Law. The study consists of four chapters. The first chapter studies the conception of confession both literally and technically or legally. In addition، it talks about the different types of confession with regard to the authority before whom it takes place، the credibility it has and the shape it takes. Moreover، I have dealt with the legal nature of confession explaining how confession is considered as a legal action not a legal conduct، since law itself organizes the consequences of confession without having any interference from the side of the person who gives the confession. The second chapter talks about the conditions which make the confession valid. In this chapter، I have illustrated that “for the confession to be considered valid، productive and with legal consequences، it must a bide by the following conditions: 1. it must be given by a person who has a procedural qualification. For this condition to be applied، the person must be accused of committing the crime referred to the legal value of the confession given by one accused person against another، in addition to the confession from the side of the lawyer on behalf of his client (the accused person). The accused person must also have the mental perception and consciousness at the time of giving the confession. Hence، I have explained the cases of confession given by persons who are underage، lunatic or drunken. 2. The confession must be given under a free and conscious will of the accused person. Throughout this section، I have pointed out to cases where confession is considered null and void، these cases or techniques are divided into: a. Explicit or physical، such as coercion، overburdening the accused person through very long interrogation، using police dogs، using hypnosis or anesthetic drugs. b. Implicit or Psychological، such as promising، tempting threatening the accused person، forcing him to take an oath or using deception or artifice. 3. The confession must be compatible or agreeing with fact and logic. 4. The confession must be given by applying correct procedures. I have later on distinguished between confession، testimony and civil avowal explaining similarities، and differences between them، in order to make it easy to understand the nature and indications of each of them so that one would not confuse between them. The Third chapter deals with the credibility of confession and its consequences upon prosecution; as the credibility of the confession varies according to، and depending on، the side who issue it; i.e.، it is given by the accused person or another person. Moreover I have talked about confession division، including the cases where division is allowed، the cases where division is not allowed and the role and authority of the court in dividing the confession. In the next section of this chapter، I have illustrated the effects of confession upon prosecution. I have studied this subject from two dimensions: 1. Procedural dimension which refers to the procedures applied during the legal proceedings of a case whether it is in the stage of investigation، initial interrogation، after the Attorney General takes a decision to institute legal proceedings and after bringing the case to the court by the Public Prosecution. Besides، I have explained the consequences of the confession given before the court، the consequence of the confession given after the initial sentence and the consequences of confession given after the final sentence. 2. Objective dimension which refers to the consequences of the confession upon the criminal penalty of the crime (s) committed and confessed by the accused person. Examples of such crimes are bribery، state community crimes، the crime of instituting a group to plan and execute crimes، the crime of forging seals، banknotes or stamps; and finally the crime of perjury (false swearing) In the fourth and last chapter، I have studied the cases of Confession recantation and confession nullity، I have first referred to the ability of the accused person to recant his confession، the court authority in evaluating this recantation and its consequences and indications of such a recantation which can tell if the recantation is right or not. The second subject I have studies in this chapter is the confession nullity referring to the most important aspects or causes which make a confession null: 1. Lack of or absence of procedural qualification from the side of the accused person. 2. Absence of free will be of the person who gives the confession. 3. Absence of agreement or compatibility between the confession and facts or logic. 4. Absence or lack of correct procedures during giving the profession. Finally، I have illustrated the effects of null confession upon the proceeding and subsequent procedures. |
Islamic Banks between Tax Legislation and Zakat
Islamic Banks between Tax Legislation and Zakat PDF |
| Lana M. Ibrahim Khammash |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Tareq Al- Hajj - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 128 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study sought to introduce Islamic banks, extent of their importance as well as the particularism of this type of banks. It also sought to show how these banks are subjected to taxation, mechanism of work with the banks and governing of these banks by Islamic legislation. The study also drew a comparison of laws, pertinent to the operation of these banks, in Palestine and some neighboring countries. The study was divided into three chapters. Chapter one dwelt on Islamic banks in terms of their definition, history and development as well as their mechanism of work. It also highlighted the introduction of these banks in Palestine and the role they have played in the country's economic development as well as the obstacles facing their work. Chapter two was devoted to the concept of tax in general, its characteristics, rules and goals. The chapter also tackled the concept of zakat (Islamic tax) in general, its rationale, conditions, money subject to it, and ways of spending it. The chapter also looked at the social and economic role of zakat. The chapter concluded with areas of difference and similarity between the work of tax and that of zakat although payment of taxes exempts the payment of zakat since the Islamic banks pay both taxes and zakat at the same time. In the third chapter, the researcher examined the tax laws and how to subject the Islamic banks to tax legislation in Palestine and, Syria, and Jordan, given their close proximity. The researcher also defined these legislations and decrees pertinent to the establishment of this type of banks in these countries and the hows of dealing with them. The researcher concluded with a number of findings and recommendations. One of these findings is that these banks are of special nature and are subject in all their operations to the Islamic legislation rules. Another is that if the mechanism of work of these banks is used correctly/properly, they will play a key role in the development process despite their recent introduction in Palestine. One recommendation is that the tax legislator should note the particularism of this type of banks. Another recommendation is that there is a need to draft a special legislation governing the Islamic banks and their mechanism of work. |
“Educational Planning Problems for The Public Secondary Male and Female School Principals in Palestine
“Educational Planning Problems for The Public Secondary Male and Female School Principals in Palestine PDF |
| Ghaida’ Abdallah Saleh Abu-Eisheh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Hasan Tayyem - أ. د. عبد الناصر القدومي |
| Discussion Commity |
| 158 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study aimed to identify Educational Planning Problems for Public Secondary School Principals in Palestine. Additionally, the study sought to identify the impact of gender, qualification, major, years of experience, governorate position, school position and school type. The study tried to answer the following questions: 1- What degree of educational planning problems do secondary school principals in Palestine have? 2- Are there significant statistical differences at (α 0.05 = ) in educational planning degrees for both male and female secondary school principals in Palestine due to gender, qualification, major, years of experience, governorate position, school position and school type. The population of this study consists of all the secondary public school principals in the northern governorates of Palestine, who are about (582) according to the reports of the Ministry. The sample was about 40% chosen according to the systematic class procedure to fulfill the study upon 231 school principals from all around Palestine. The researcher used (64) items of aquestionnaire distributed under the six domains: Administrative, materialistic abilities, teachers, curriculum, students and relationship with local society respectively. A group of arbitrators to show its accuracy, the researcher found out the fixed coefficient using (Cronbach Alpha) for the domains of the questionnaire, the over-all fixed degree was (0.96). The study results showed: · The degree which school principals gave to planning problems was average of (69.6%).The arrangement of planning problems domains as follow: 1- Materialistic abilities domain (72.6%) 2- Students’ domain (71%) 3- Teachers’ domain (70.24 4- Curriculum domain (70.20%) 5- Relationship with local society domain (69%) 6- Administrative domain (64.2%) · There are significant statistical differences at (α0.05 = ) in educational planning problems through significance level in the following dimensions, administrative, teachers, curriculum and students. While the differences were in capitals and local society towards the southern governorates, that is, the problems in the south are more than those in the north. · There were no significant statistical differences at (α 0.05 = ) in educational planning problems concerning (administrative, teachers, curriculum and relationship with local society), but the difference was clear in the students' domain in favour of male and co-educational schools. · There were no significant statistical differences at (α 0.05 = ) in educational planning problems attributed to the variable of ( qualification, major, experience and school position). In the light of these afore-said results, the researcher has come up with the following recommendations: 1- Providing and supporting schools and teaching process. 2- Caring about pupils and giving the psychological supervisor more social tasks. 3- Fostering the system of stimulation for teachers and distinguished, and those who would like getting scholarship and over-seas courses. 4- Increasing connections and relationships between schools and the local community. 5- Making more studies and researches concerning the case study mainly in the Gaza Strip, that the researcher couldn’t apply her study there because of political current situation. |
The Efficiency of Remedial Education Program in Enhancing Students’ Achievement from Teachers’ Perspectives at UNRWA Schools in North West Bank
The Efficiency of Remedial Education Program in Enhancing Students’ Achievement from Teachers’ Perspectives at UNRWA Schools in North West Bank PDF |
| Khitam Abdul Rahman Ashour |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr.Ali Zuhdi Shaqqour - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 106 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study aims at recognizing the efficiency of remedial education program in enhancing students’ achievement from the teachers’ perspectives at UNRWA schools in north west bank according to gender, specialization and residence variables. The researcher built a questionnaire, distributed to (88) teachers. The study population was (218) teachers working in remediation (40% of the whole population). The questionnaire consists of (45) items, divided to (5) domains that measure the effects of remediation on weak students’ achievement. Lickert five points scale was adopted. The study was reliable with a (0.94) Alpha Cronbach. Conclusions: * There were significant differences at (a=0,05) in the remedial education program efficiency on students’ achievement due to gender variable leaning towards female teachers. While there were no significant differences due to specialization and residence variables. The researcher put some recommendations in the light of the study’s outcomes such as; implementing remedial courses in vacations and out of school day time, to reconsider the period allocated for remediation and to provide more training and tools for this vital project. |
Urban Agriculture as Tool for City Planning Nablus City as a case Study
Urban Agriculture as Tool for City Planning Nablus City as a case Study PDF |
| Al Hudhud, Husam M. K. |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Ali Abdulhamid; Azzam Tubaileh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Urbanization is one of the major issues facing mankind today and is in its extent unique in world history. Neither international government bodies nor national or local governments are well prepared to deal appropriately with this development but none of them can afford to ignore this phenomenon. It is expected that by 2020, 40-45% of the poor in the Palestinian territories will be concentrated in towns and cities such as Nablus. The population projections showed that more 424,400 inhabitants will be served by the Metropolitan Nablus municipality in the year 2025. The rapid increase of population almost accompanying with the increase demand on food, space , water, job opportunities and renewable resources. The huge estimated quantities of consumed food by Nablus dwellers estimated in year 2000 at 38,584 tons will defiantly increase making the situation more complicated for the city planner to secure the city from the food consumption point of view, construction of suitable roads, storage facilities, lands for cultivation, and preserving enough water for irrigation. However, in the light of water scarcity which jumped from – 1,322 m³ per year in 2005 into -30,697 m³ per day in year 2025, and the decrease of the per capita available land from 150 m² in year 1989 to 78 m² in year 2000 in the light of high percentage of unemployed inhabitants, will complicate the problems of city planning. This research which aimed at introducing urban agriculture as a tool for city planning have had investigated the impact and methods of such and as appropriate mitigation measure against major city problems in the city planning have a huge important conclusions leading to multiple scenarios to mitigate the problems of immigration of rural people to the city center and against the environmental hazards associated with urbanization such as the increase of solid wastes amounts, untreated waste water and many others. It is important to involve the multiple stakeholders in urban development utilizing urban agriculture as a tool for city planning due to its significant capabilities in preserving the environment, reforming the land use, mitigate random immigration, offering job opportunities. Representatives including municipal departments, NGO's, local leaders, village councils, private sector, academic or research and interested institutions must be involved in the planning processes is essential in order to address the needs and priorities of the different stakeholders involved, as well as the specific socio-economic and political-institutional context in each locality in order to allow better quality decision finding and making, improving likelihood of implementation and give the process a higher credibility for implementation. The local, provincial and national governments play a key role, ensuring the availability and secure tenure of land and water, access to public services, approval of regulations and standards, at the different levels of government are already engaged in many areas of service provision and regulation, such as urban planning, water treatment, waste collection, management of green spaces, which have direct interactions with urban agriculture. Finally, the methodological approach adopted during the preparation of this vital research was including the data gathering and analysis using SWOT analysis techniques and many other calculations using the basic computer software packages. The basic data was collected from different and wide sources of information including newspapers, reports, books, magazines, articles and many others. |